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The doctrine that Adam and Eve's disobedience affected all of humanity — every person is born into a broken condition
Developed most fully by Augustine and central to Catholic and Protestant theology. The idea is that sin isn't just individual bad choices — it's a condition inherited from the Fall. Paul's argument in Romans 5:12-21 is the key text, comparing Adam (through whom sin entered) with Christ (through whom grace entered). Eastern Orthodox theology frames it differently — as ancestral sin affecting human nature rather than inherited guilt.