The Upper Galilee Fortified Towns of Naphtalis Allotment

Joshua 19:38 closes the catalog of Naphtali's nineteen fortified cities with a string of upper Galilee frontier settlements: "And Iron, and Migdal-el, Horem, and Beth-anath, and Beth-shemesh; nineteen cities with their villages." These towns filled the strategic frontier between Naphtali and the Aramean kingdoms to the north — country repeatedly contested through the early monarchy and the first to fall when Ben-Hadad of Damascus and later Tiglath-pileser of Assyria swept down through the Galilee.

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